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1 <?xml·​version="1.​0"·​encoding="UTF-​8"?>1 <?xml·​version="1.​0"·​encoding="UTF-​8"?>
2 <!DOCTYPE·​html·​PUBLIC·​"-​/​/​W3C/​/​DTD·​XHTML·​1.​0·​Transitional/​/​EN"·​"http:​/​/​www.​w3.​org/​TR/​xhtml1/​DTD/​xhtml1-​transitional.​dtd"><html·​xmlns="http:​/​/​www.​w3.​org/​1999/​xhtml"><head><meta·​http-​equiv="Content-​Type"·​content="text/​html;​·​charset=UTF-​8"·​/​><title>Nix·​Package·​Manager·​Guide</​title><meta·​name="generator"·​content="DocBook·​XSL·​Stylesheets·​V1.​79.​2"·​/​></​head><body><div·​class="book"><div·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h1·​class="title"><a·​id="idm14073734939820​8"></​a>Nix·​Package·​Manager·​Guide</​h1></​div><div><h2·​class="subtitle">Vers​ion·​3.​0pre20200829_f156513<​/​h2></​div><div><div·​class="author"><h3·​class="author"><span·​class="firstname">Eel​co</​span>·​<span·​class="surname">Dolst​ra</​span></​h3></​div></​div><div><p·​class="copyright">Cop​yright·​©·​2004-​2018·​Eelco·​Dolstra</​p></​div></​div><hr·​/​></​div><div·​class="toc"><dl·​class="toc"><dt><span​·​class="part"><a·​href="#chap-​introduction">I.​·​Introduction</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#ch-​about-​nix">1.​·​About·​Nix</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#chap-​quick-​start">2.​·​Quick·​Start</​a></​span></​dt></​dl></​dd><dt><span·​class="part"><a·​href="#chap-​installation">II.​·​Installation</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#ch-​supported-​platforms">3.​·​Supported·​Platforms</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#ch-​installing-​binary">4.​·​Installing·​a·​Binary·​Distribution</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#sect-​single-​user-​installation">4.​1.​·​Single·​User[·​.​.​.​·​truncated·​by·​diffoscope;​·​len:​·​6008,​·​SHA1:​·​85c1b45e29b90a9f92222​d4b918e80a3b5ac42fc·​.​.​.​·​]04">18.​1.​·2 <!DOCTYPE·​html·​PUBLIC·​"-​/​/​W3C/​/​DTD·​XHTML·​1.​0·​Transitional/​/​EN"·​"http:​/​/​www.​w3.​org/​TR/​xhtml1/​DTD/​xhtml1-​transitional.​dtd"><html·​xmlns="http:​/​/​www.​w3.​org/​1999/​xhtml"><head><meta·​http-​equiv="Content-​Type"·​content="text/​html;​·​charset=UTF-​8"·​/​><title>Nix·​Package·​Manager·​Guide</​title><meta·​name="generator"·​content="DocBook·​XSL·​Stylesheets·​V1.​79.​2"·​/​></​head><body><div·​class="book"><div·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h1·​class="title"><a·​id="idm14073734940232​0"></​a>Nix·​Package·​Manager·​Guide</​h1></​div><div><h2·​class="subtitle">Vers​ion·​3.​0pre20200829_f156513<​/​h2></​div><div><div·​class="author"><h3·​class="author"><span·​class="firstname">Eel​co</​span>·​<span·​class="surname">Dolst​ra</​span></​h3></​div></​div><div><p·​class="copyright">Cop​yright·​©·​2004-​2018·​Eelco·​Dolstra</​p></​div></​div><hr·​/​></​div><div·​class="toc"><dl·​class="toc"><dt><span​·​class="part"><a·​href="#chap-​introduction">I.​·​Introduction</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#ch-​about-​nix">1.​·​About·​Nix</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#chap-​quick-​start">2.​·​Quick·​Start</​a></​span></​dt></​dl></​dd><dt><span·​class="part"><a·​href="#chap-​installation">II.​·​Installation</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#ch-​supported-​platforms">3.​·​Supported·​Platforms</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#ch-​installing-​binary">4.​·​Installing·​a·​Binary·​Distribution</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#sect-​single-​user-​installation">4.​1.​·​Single·​User[·​.​.​.​·​truncated·​by·​diffoscope;​·​len:​·​6008,​·​SHA1:​·198c8ab6da528ea5e88b2​f0edaf3f9e89db3867f·​.​.​.​·​]04">18.​1.​·
3 ····​Spot-​Checking·​Build·​Determinism3 ····​Spot-​Checking·​Build·​Determinism
4 ··​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732113​4912">18.​2.​·4 ··​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732113​7824">18.​2.​·
5 ····​Automatic·​and·​Optionally·​Enforced·​Determinism·​Verification5 ····​Automatic·​and·​Optionally·​Enforced·​Determinism·​Verification
6 ··​</​a></​span></​dt></​dl></​dd><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#chap-​post-​build-​hook">19.​·​Using·​the·​<code·​class="option"><a·​class="option"·​href="#conf-​post-​build-​hook">post-​build-​hook</​a></​code></​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#chap-​post-​build-​hook-​caveats">19.​1.​·​Implementation·​Caveats</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732112​1088">19.​2.​·​Prerequisites</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732111​8688">19.​3.​·​Set·​up·​a·​Signing·​Key</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732111​3248">19.​4.​·​Implementing·​the·​build·​hook</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732110​6336">19.​5.​·​Updating·​Nix·​Configuration</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732110​3312">19.​6.​·​Testing</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732109​8384">19.​7.​·​Conclusion</​a></​span></​dt></​dl></​dd></​dl></​dd><dt><span·​class="part"><a·​href="#part-​command-​ref">VI.​·​Command·​Reference</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#sec-​common-​options">20.​·​Common·​Options</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#sec-​common-​env">21.​·​Common·​Environment·​Variables</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#ch-​main-​commands">22.​·​Main·​Commands</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​env">nix-​env</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​manipulate·​or·​query·​Nix·​user·​environments</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​build">nix-​build</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​build·​a·​Nix·​expression</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​shell">nix-​shell</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​start·​an·​interactive·​shell·​based·​on·​a·​Nix·​expression</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​store">nix-​store</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​manipulate·​or·​query·​the·​Nix·​store</​span></​dt></​dl></​dd><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#ch-​utilities">23.​·​Utilities</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​channel">nix-​channel</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​manage·​Nix·​channels</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​collect-​garbage">nix-​collect-​garbage</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​delete·​unreachable·​store·​paths</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​copy-​closure">nix-​copy-​closure</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​copy·​a·​closure·​to·​or·​from·​a·​remote·​machine·​via·​SSH</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​daemon">nix-​daemon</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​Nix·​multi-​user·​support·​daemon</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​hash">nix-​hash</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​compute·​the·​cryptographic·​hash·​of·​a·​path</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​instantiate">nix-​instantiate</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​instantiate·​store·​derivations·​from·​Nix·​expressions</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​prefetch-​url">nix-​prefetch-​url</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​copy·​a·​file·​from·​a·​URL·​into·​the·​store·​and·​print·​its·​hash</​span></​dt></​dl></​dd><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#ch-​files">24.​·​Files</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​conf-​file">nix.​conf</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​Nix·​configuration·​file</​span></​dt></​dl></​dd></​dl></​dd><dt><span·​class="appendix"><a·​href="#part-​glossary">A.​·​Glossary</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="appendix"><a·​href="#chap-​hacking">B.​·​Hacking</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="appendix"><a·​href="#sec-​relnotes">C.​·​Nix·​Release·​Notes</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​2.​3">C.​1.​·​Release·​2.​3·​(2019-​09-​04)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​2.​2">C.​2.​·​Release·​2.​2·​(2019-​01-​11)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​2.​1">C.​3.​·​Release·​2.​1·​(2018-​09-​02)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​2.​0">C.​4.​·​Release·​2.​0·​(2018-​02-​22)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​11.​10">C.​5.​·​Release·​1.​11.​10·​(2017-​06-​12)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​11">C.​6.​·​Release·​1.​11·​(2016-​01-​19)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​10">C.​7.​·​Release·​1.​10·​(2015-​09-​03)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​9">C.​8.​·​Release·​1.​9·​(2015-​06-​12)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​8">C.​9.​·​Release·​1.​8·​(2014-​12-​14)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​7">C.​10.​·​Release·​1.​7·​(2014-​04-​11)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​6.​1">C.​11.​·​Release·​1.​6.​1·​(2013-​10-​28)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​6.​0">C.​12.​·​Release·​1.​6·​(2013-​09-​10)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​5.​2">C.​13.​·​Release·​1.​5.​2·​(2013-​05-​13)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​5">C.​14.​·​Release·​1.​5·​(2013-​02-​27)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​4">C.​15.​·​Release·​1.​4·​(2013-​02-​26)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​3">C.​16.​·​Release·​1.​3·​(2013-​01-​04)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​2">C.​17.​·​Release·​1.​2·​(2012-​12-​06)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​1">C.​18.​·​Release·​1.​1·​(2012-​07-​18)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​0">C.​19.​·​Release·​1.​0·​(2012-​05-​11)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​0.​16">C.​20.​·​Release·​0.​16·​(2010-​08-​17)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​0.​15">C.​21.​·​Release·​0.​15·​(2010-​03-​17)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​0.​14">C.​22.​·​Release·​0.​14·​(2010-​02-​04)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​0.​13">C.​23.​·​Release·​0.​13·​(2009-​11-​05)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​0.​12">C.​24.​·​Release·​0.​12·​(2008-​11-​20)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​0.​11">C.​25.​·​Release·​0.​11·​(2007-​12-​31)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​10.​1">C.​26.​·​Release·​0.​10.​1·​(2006-​10-​11)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​10">C.​27.​·​Release·​0.​10·​(2006-​10-​06)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​9.​2">C.​28.​·​Release·​0.​9.​2·​(2005-​09-​21)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​9.​1">C.​29.​·​Release·​0.​9.​1·​(2005-​09-​20)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​9">C.​30.​·​Release·​0.​9·​(2005-​09-​16)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​8.​1">C.​31.​·​Release·​0.​8.​1·​(2005-​04-​13)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​8">C.​32.​·​Release·​0.​8·​(2005-​04-​11)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​7">C.​33.​·​Release·​0.​7·​(2005-​01-​12)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​6">C.​34.​·​Release·​0.​6·​(2004-​11-​14)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​5">C.​35.​·​Release·​0.​5·​and·​earlier</​a></​span></​dt></​dl></​dd></​dl></​div><div·​class="part"><div·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h1·​class="title"><a·​id="chap-​introduction"></​a>Part I.​ Introduction</​h1></​div></​div></​div><div·​class="chapter"><div·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"><a·​id="ch-​about-​nix"></​a>Chapter 1.​ About·​Nix</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Nix·​is·​a·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​purely·​functional·​package·​manager</​em></​span>.​6 ··​</​a></​span></​dt></​dl></​dd><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#chap-​post-​build-​hook">19.​·​Using·​the·​<code·​class="option"><a·​class="option"·​href="#conf-​post-​build-​hook">post-​build-​hook</​a></​code></​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#chap-​post-​build-​hook-​caveats">19.​1.​·​Implementation·​Caveats</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732112​4000">19.​2.​·​Prerequisites</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732112​1600">19.​3.​·​Set·​up·​a·​Signing·​Key</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732111​6112">19.​4.​·​Implementing·​the·​build·​hook</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732110​9200">19.​5.​·​Updating·​Nix·​Configuration</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732110​6176">19.​6.​·​Testing</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#idm14073732110​1184">19.​7.​·​Conclusion</​a></​span></​dt></​dl></​dd></​dl></​dd><dt><span·​class="part"><a·​href="#part-​command-​ref">VI.​·​Command·​Reference</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#sec-​common-​options">20.​·​Common·​Options</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#sec-​common-​env">21.​·​Common·​Environment·​Variables</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#ch-​main-​commands">22.​·​Main·​Commands</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​env">nix-​env</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​manipulate·​or·​query·​Nix·​user·​environments</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​build">nix-​build</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​build·​a·​Nix·​expression</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​shell">nix-​shell</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​start·​an·​interactive·​shell·​based·​on·​a·​Nix·​expression</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​store">nix-​store</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​manipulate·​or·​query·​the·​Nix·​store</​span></​dt></​dl></​dd><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#ch-​utilities">23.​·​Utilities</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​channel">nix-​channel</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​manage·​Nix·​channels</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​collect-​garbage">nix-​collect-​garbage</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​delete·​unreachable·​store·​paths</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​copy-​closure">nix-​copy-​closure</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​copy·​a·​closure·​to·​or·​from·​a·​remote·​machine·​via·​SSH</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​daemon">nix-​daemon</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​Nix·​multi-​user·​support·​daemon</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​hash">nix-​hash</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​compute·​the·​cryptographic·​hash·​of·​a·​path</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​instantiate">nix-​instantiate</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​instantiate·​store·​derivations·​from·​Nix·​expressions</​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​nix-​prefetch-​url">nix-​prefetch-​url</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​copy·​a·​file·​from·​a·​URL·​into·​the·​store·​and·​print·​its·​hash</​span></​dt></​dl></​dd><dt><span·​class="chapter"><a·​href="#ch-​files">24.​·​Files</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="refentrytitle"​><a·​href="#sec-​conf-​file">nix.​conf</​a></​span><span·​class="refpurpose">·​—·​Nix·​configuration·​file</​span></​dt></​dl></​dd></​dl></​dd><dt><span·​class="appendix"><a·​href="#part-​glossary">A.​·​Glossary</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="appendix"><a·​href="#chap-​hacking">B.​·​Hacking</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="appendix"><a·​href="#sec-​relnotes">C.​·​Nix·​Release·​Notes</​a></​span></​dt><dd><dl><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​2.​3">C.​1.​·​Release·​2.​3·​(2019-​09-​04)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​2.​2">C.​2.​·​Release·​2.​2·​(2019-​01-​11)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​2.​1">C.​3.​·​Release·​2.​1·​(2018-​09-​02)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​2.​0">C.​4.​·​Release·​2.​0·​(2018-​02-​22)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​11.​10">C.​5.​·​Release·​1.​11.​10·​(2017-​06-​12)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​11">C.​6.​·​Release·​1.​11·​(2016-​01-​19)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​10">C.​7.​·​Release·​1.​10·​(2015-​09-​03)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​9">C.​8.​·​Release·​1.​9·​(2015-​06-​12)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​8">C.​9.​·​Release·​1.​8·​(2014-​12-​14)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​7">C.​10.​·​Release·​1.​7·​(2014-​04-​11)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​6.​1">C.​11.​·​Release·​1.​6.​1·​(2013-​10-​28)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​6.​0">C.​12.​·​Release·​1.​6·​(2013-​09-​10)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​5.​2">C.​13.​·​Release·​1.​5.​2·​(2013-​05-​13)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​5">C.​14.​·​Release·​1.​5·​(2013-​02-​27)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​4">C.​15.​·​Release·​1.​4·​(2013-​02-​26)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​3">C.​16.​·​Release·​1.​3·​(2013-​01-​04)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​2">C.​17.​·​Release·​1.​2·​(2012-​12-​06)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​1">C.​18.​·​Release·​1.​1·​(2012-​07-​18)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​1.​0">C.​19.​·​Release·​1.​0·​(2012-​05-​11)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​0.​16">C.​20.​·​Release·​0.​16·​(2010-​08-​17)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​0.​15">C.​21.​·​Release·​0.​15·​(2010-​03-​17)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​0.​14">C.​22.​·​Release·​0.​14·​(2010-​02-​04)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​0.​13">C.​23.​·​Release·​0.​13·​(2009-​11-​05)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​0.​12">C.​24.​·​Release·​0.​12·​(2008-​11-​20)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ssec-​relnotes-​0.​11">C.​25.​·​Release·​0.​11·​(2007-​12-​31)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​10.​1">C.​26.​·​Release·​0.​10.​1·​(2006-​10-​11)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​10">C.​27.​·​Release·​0.​10·​(2006-​10-​06)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​9.​2">C.​28.​·​Release·​0.​9.​2·​(2005-​09-​21)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​9.​1">C.​29.​·​Release·​0.​9.​1·​(2005-​09-​20)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​9">C.​30.​·​Release·​0.​9·​(2005-​09-​16)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​8.​1">C.​31.​·​Release·​0.​8.​1·​(2005-​04-​13)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​8">C.​32.​·​Release·​0.​8·​(2005-​04-​11)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​7">C.​33.​·​Release·​0.​7·​(2005-​01-​12)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​6">C.​34.​·​Release·​0.​6·​(2004-​11-​14)​</​a></​span></​dt><dt><span·​class="section"><a·​href="#ch-​relnotes-​0.​5">C.​35.​·​Release·​0.​5·​and·​earlier</​a></​span></​dt></​dl></​dd></​dl></​div><div·​class="part"><div·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h1·​class="title"><a·​id="chap-​introduction"></​a>Part I.​ Introduction</​h1></​div></​div></​div><div·​class="chapter"><div·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"><a·​id="ch-​about-​nix"></​a>Chapter 1.​ About·​Nix</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Nix·​is·​a·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​purely·​functional·​package·​manager</​em></​span>.​
7 This·​means·​that·​it·​treats·​packages·​like·​values·​in·​purely·​functional7 This·​means·​that·​it·​treats·​packages·​like·​values·​in·​purely·​functional
8 programming·​languages·​such·​as·​Haskell·​—·​they·​are·​built·​by·​functions8 programming·​languages·​such·​as·​Haskell·​—·​they·​are·​built·​by·​functions
9 that·​don’t·​have·​side-​effects,​·​and·​they·​never·​change·​after·​they·​have9 that·​don’t·​have·​side-​effects,​·​and·​they·​never·​change·​after·​they·​have
10 been·​built.​··​Nix·​stores·​packages·​in·​the·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​Nix10 been·​built.​··​Nix·​stores·​packages·​in·​the·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​Nix
11 store</​em></​span>,​·​usually·​the·​directory11 store</​em></​span>,​·​usually·​the·​directory
12 <code·​class="filename">/​nix/​store</​code>,​·​where·​each·​package·​has·​its·​own·​unique12 <code·​class="filename">/​nix/​store</​code>,​·​where·​each·​package·​has·​its·​own·​unique
13 subdirectory·​such·​as13 subdirectory·​such·​as
Offset 15, 23 lines modifiedOffset 15, 23 lines modified
15 </​p><pre·​class="programlisting​">15 </​p><pre·​class="programlisting​">
16 /​nix/​store/​b6gvzjyb2pg0kjfwrjmg1​vfhh54ad73z-​firefox-​33.​1/​16 /​nix/​store/​b6gvzjyb2pg0kjfwrjmg1​vfhh54ad73z-​firefox-​33.​1/​
17 </​pre><p>17 </​pre><p>
  
18 where·​<code·​class="literal">b6gvz​jyb2pg0…</​code>·​is·​a·​unique·​identifier·​for·​the18 where·​<code·​class="literal">b6gvz​jyb2pg0…</​code>·​is·​a·​unique·​identifier·​for·​the
19 package·​that·​captures·​all·​its·​dependencies·​(it’s·​a·​cryptographic·​hash19 package·​that·​captures·​all·​its·​dependencies·​(it’s·​a·​cryptographic·​hash
20 of·​the·​package’s·​build·​dependency·​graph)​.​··​This·​enables·​many·​powerful20 of·​the·​package’s·​build·​dependency·​graph)​.​··​This·​enables·​many·​powerful
21 features.​</​p><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732264944​0"></​a>Multiple·​versions</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>You·​can·​have·​multiple·​versions·​or·​variants·​of·​a·​package21 features.​</​p><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732265131​2"></​a>Multiple·​versions</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>You·​can·​have·​multiple·​versions·​or·​variants·​of·​a·​package
22 installed·​at·​the·​same·​time.​··​This·​is·​especially·​important·​when22 installed·​at·​the·​same·​time.​··​This·​is·​especially·​important·​when
23 different·​applications·​have·​dependencies·​on·​different·​versions·​of·​the23 different·​applications·​have·​dependencies·​on·​different·​versions·​of·​the
24 same·​package·​—·​it·​prevents·​the·​“DLL·​hell”.​··​Because·​of·​the·​hashing24 same·​package·​—·​it·​prevents·​the·​“DLL·​hell”.​··​Because·​of·​the·​hashing
25 scheme,​·​different·​versions·​of·​a·​package·​end·​up·​in·​different·​paths·​in25 scheme,​·​different·​versions·​of·​a·​package·​end·​up·​in·​different·​paths·​in
26 the·​Nix·​store,​·​so·​they·​don’t·​interfere·​with·​each·​other.​</​p><p>An·​important·​consequence·​is·​that·​operations·​like·​upgrading·​or26 the·​Nix·​store,​·​so·​they·​don’t·​interfere·​with·​each·​other.​</​p><p>An·​important·​consequence·​is·​that·​operations·​like·​upgrading·​or
27 uninstalling·​an·​application·​cannot·​break·​other·​applications,​·​since27 uninstalling·​an·​application·​cannot·​break·​other·​applications,​·​since
28 these·​operations·​never·​“destructively”·​update·​or·​delete·​files·​that·​are28 these·​operations·​never·​“destructively”·​update·​or·​delete·​files·​that·​are
29 used·​by·​other·​packages.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732264673​6"></​a>Complete·​dependencies</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Nix·​helps·​you·​make·​sure·​that·​package·​dependency·​specifications29 used·​by·​other·​packages.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732264860​8"></​a>Complete·​dependencies</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Nix·​helps·​you·​make·​sure·​that·​package·​dependency·​specifications
30 are·​complete.​··​In·​general,​·​when·​you’re·​making·​a·​package·​for·​a·​package30 are·​complete.​··​In·​general,​·​when·​you’re·​making·​a·​package·​for·​a·​package
31 management·​system·​like·​RPM,​·​you·​have·​to·​specify·​for·​each·​package·​what31 management·​system·​like·​RPM,​·​you·​have·​to·​specify·​for·​each·​package·​what
32 its·​dependencies·​are,​·​but·​there·​are·​no·​guarantees·​that·​this32 its·​dependencies·​are,​·​but·​there·​are·​no·​guarantees·​that·​this
33 specification·​is·​complete.​··​If·​you·​forget·​a·​dependency,​·​then·​the33 specification·​is·​complete.​··​If·​you·​forget·​a·​dependency,​·​then·​the
34 package·​will·​build·​and·​work·​correctly·​on·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​your</​em></​span>34 package·​will·​build·​and·​work·​correctly·​on·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​your</​em></​span>
35 machine·​if·​you·​have·​the·​dependency·​installed,​·​but·​not·​on·​the·​end35 machine·​if·​you·​have·​the·​dependency·​installed,​·​but·​not·​on·​the·​end
36 user's·​machine·​if·​it's·​not·​there.​</​p><p>Since·​Nix·​on·​the·​other·​hand·​doesn’t·​install·​packages·​in·​“global”36 user's·​machine·​if·​it's·​not·​there.​</​p><p>Since·​Nix·​on·​the·​other·​hand·​doesn’t·​install·​packages·​in·​“global”
Offset 41, 32 lines modifiedOffset 41, 32 lines modified
41 directories·​such·​as41 directories·​such·​as
42 <code·​class="filename">/​nix/​store/​5lbfaxb722zp…-​openssl-​0.​9.​8d/​include</​code>,​42 <code·​class="filename">/​nix/​store/​5lbfaxb722zp…-​openssl-​0.​9.​8d/​include</​code>,​
43 so·​if·​a·​package·​builds·​correctly·​on·​your·​system,​·​this·​is·​because·​you43 so·​if·​a·​package·​builds·​correctly·​on·​your·​system,​·​this·​is·​because·​you
44 specified·​the·​dependency·​explicitly.​·​This·​takes·​care·​of·​the·​build-​time44 specified·​the·​dependency·​explicitly.​·​This·​takes·​care·​of·​the·​build-​time
45 dependencies.​</​p><p>Once·​a·​package·​is·​built,​·​runtime·​dependencies·​are·​found·​by45 dependencies.​</​p><p>Once·​a·​package·​is·​built,​·​runtime·​dependencies·​are·​found·​by
46 scanning·​binaries·​for·​the·​hash·​parts·​of·​Nix·​store·​paths·​(such·​as46 scanning·​binaries·​for·​the·​hash·​parts·​of·​Nix·​store·​paths·​(such·​as
47 <code·​class="literal">r8vvq​9kq…</​code>)​.​··​This·​sounds·​risky,​·​but·​it·​works47 <code·​class="literal">r8vvq​9kq…</​code>)​.​··​This·​sounds·​risky,​·​but·​it·​works
48 extremely·​well.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732264152​0"></​a>Multi-​user·​support</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Nix·​has·​multi-​user·​support.​··​This·​means·​that·​non-​privileged48 extremely·​well.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732264339​2"></​a>Multi-​user·​support</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Nix·​has·​multi-​user·​support.​··​This·​means·​that·​non-​privileged
49 users·​can·​securely·​install·​software.​··​Each·​user·​can·​have·​a·​different49 users·​can·​securely·​install·​software.​··​Each·​user·​can·​have·​a·​different
50 <span·​class="emphasis"><em>​profile</​em></​span>,​·​a·​set·​of·​packages·​in·​the·​Nix·​store·​that50 <span·​class="emphasis"><em>​profile</​em></​span>,​·​a·​set·​of·​packages·​in·​the·​Nix·​store·​that
51 appear·​in·​the·​user’s·​<code·​class="envar">PATH</​code>.​··​If·​a·​user·​installs·​a51 appear·​in·​the·​user’s·​<code·​class="envar">PATH</​code>.​··​If·​a·​user·​installs·​a
52 package·​that·​another·​user·​has·​already·​installed·​previously,​·​the52 package·​that·​another·​user·​has·​already·​installed·​previously,​·​the
53 package·​won’t·​be·​built·​or·​downloaded·​a·​second·​time.​··​At·​the·​same·​time,​53 package·​won’t·​be·​built·​or·​downloaded·​a·​second·​time.​··​At·​the·​same·​time,​
54 it·​is·​not·​possible·​for·​one·​user·​to·​inject·​a·​Trojan·​horse·​into·​a54 it·​is·​not·​possible·​for·​one·​user·​to·​inject·​a·​Trojan·​horse·​into·​a
55 package·​that·​might·​be·​used·​by·​another·​user.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732263878​4"></​a>Atomic·​upgrades·​and·​rollbacks</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Since·​package·​management·​operations·​never·​overwrite·​packages·​in55 package·​that·​might·​be·​used·​by·​another·​user.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732264065​6"></​a>Atomic·​upgrades·​and·​rollbacks</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Since·​package·​management·​operations·​never·​overwrite·​packages·​in
56 the·​Nix·​store·​but·​just·​add·​new·​versions·​in·​different·​paths,​·​they·​are56 the·​Nix·​store·​but·​just·​add·​new·​versions·​in·​different·​paths,​·​they·​are
57 <span·​class="emphasis"><em>​atomic</​em></​span>.​··​So·​during·​a·​package·​upgrade,​·​there·​is·​no57 <span·​class="emphasis"><em>​atomic</​em></​span>.​··​So·​during·​a·​package·​upgrade,​·​there·​is·​no
58 time·​window·​in·​which·​the·​package·​has·​some·​files·​from·​the·​old·​version58 time·​window·​in·​which·​the·​package·​has·​some·​files·​from·​the·​old·​version
59 and·​some·​files·​from·​the·​new·​version·​—·​which·​would·​be·​bad·​because·​a59 and·​some·​files·​from·​the·​new·​version·​—·​which·​would·​be·​bad·​because·​a
60 program·​might·​well·​crash·​if·​it’s·​started·​during·​that·​period.​</​p><p>And·​since·​packages·​aren’t·​overwritten,​·​the·​old·​versions·​are·​still60 program·​might·​well·​crash·​if·​it’s·​started·​during·​that·​period.​</​p><p>And·​since·​packages·​aren’t·​overwritten,​·​the·​old·​versions·​are·​still
61 there·​after·​an·​upgrade.​··​This·​means·​that·​you·​can·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​roll61 there·​after·​an·​upgrade.​··​This·​means·​that·​you·​can·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​roll
62 back</​em></​span>·​to·​the·​old·​version:​</​p><pre·​class="screen">62 back</​em></​span>·​to·​the·​old·​version:​</​p><pre·​class="screen">
63 $·​nix-​env·​-​-​upgrade·​<em·​class="replaceable"><​code>some-​packages</​code></​em>63 $·​nix-​env·​-​-​upgrade·​<em·​class="replaceable"><​code>some-​packages</​code></​em>
64 $·​nix-​env·​-​-​rollback64 $·​nix-​env·​-​-​rollback
65 </​pre></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732263468​8"></​a>Garbage·​collection</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>When·​you·​uninstall·​a·​package·​like·​this…65 </​pre></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732263656​0"></​a>Garbage·​collection</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>When·​you·​uninstall·​a·​package·​like·​this…
  
66 </​p><pre·​class="screen">66 </​p><pre·​class="screen">
67 $·​nix-​env·​-​-​uninstall·​firefox67 $·​nix-​env·​-​-​uninstall·​firefox
68 </​pre><p>68 </​pre><p>
  
69 the·​package·​isn’t·​deleted·​from·​the·​system·​right·​away·​(after·​all,​·​you69 the·​package·​isn’t·​deleted·​from·​the·​system·​right·​away·​(after·​all,​·​you
70 might·​want·​to·​do·​a·​rollback,​·​or·​it·​might·​be·​in·​the·​profiles·​of·​other70 might·​want·​to·​do·​a·​rollback,​·​or·​it·​might·​be·​in·​the·​profiles·​of·​other
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74 <span·​class="emphasis"><em>​garbage·​collector</​em></​span>:​74 <span·​class="emphasis"><em>​garbage·​collector</​em></​span>:​
  
75 </​p><pre·​class="screen">75 </​p><pre·​class="screen">
76 $·​nix-​collect-​garbage76 $·​nix-​collect-​garbage
77 </​pre><p>77 </​pre><p>
  
78 This·​deletes·​all·​packages·​that·​aren’t·​in·​use·​by·​any·​user·​profile·​or·​by78 This·​deletes·​all·​packages·​that·​aren’t·​in·​use·​by·​any·​user·​profile·​or·​by
79 a·​currently·​running·​program.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732263155​2"></​a>Functional·​package·​language</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Packages·​are·​built·​from·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​Nix·​expressions</​em></​span>,​79 a·​currently·​running·​program.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732263342​4"></​a>Functional·​package·​language</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Packages·​are·​built·​from·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​Nix·​expressions</​em></​span>,​
80 which·​is·​a·​simple·​functional·​language.​··​A·​Nix·​expression·​describes80 which·​is·​a·​simple·​functional·​language.​··​A·​Nix·​expression·​describes
81 everything·​that·​goes·​into·​a·​package·​build·​action·​(a·​“derivation”)​:​81 everything·​that·​goes·​into·​a·​package·​build·​action·​(a·​“derivation”)​:​
82 other·​packages,​·​sources,​·​the·​build·​script,​·​environment·​variables·​for82 other·​packages,​·​sources,​·​the·​build·​script,​·​environment·​variables·​for
83 the·​build·​script,​·​etc.​··​Nix·​tries·​very·​hard·​to·​ensure·​that·​Nix83 the·​build·​script,​·​etc.​··​Nix·​tries·​very·​hard·​to·​ensure·​that·​Nix
84 expressions·​are·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​deterministic</​em></​span>:​·​building·​a·​Nix84 expressions·​are·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​deterministic</​em></​span>:​·​building·​a·​Nix
85 expression·​twice·​should·​yield·​the·​same·​result.​</​p><p>Because·​it’s·​a·​functional·​language,​·​it’s·​easy·​to·​support85 expression·​twice·​should·​yield·​the·​same·​result.​</​p><p>Because·​it’s·​a·​functional·​language,​·​it’s·​easy·​to·​support
86 building·​variants·​of·​a·​package:​·​turn·​the·​Nix·​expression·​into·​a86 building·​variants·​of·​a·​package:​·​turn·​the·​Nix·​expression·​into·​a
87 function·​and·​call·​it·​any·​number·​of·​times·​with·​the·​appropriate87 function·​and·​call·​it·​any·​number·​of·​times·​with·​the·​appropriate
88 arguments.​··​Due·​to·​the·​hashing·​scheme,​·​variants·​don’t·​conflict·​with88 arguments.​··​Due·​to·​the·​hashing·​scheme,​·​variants·​don’t·​conflict·​with
89 each·​other·​in·​the·​Nix·​store.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732262795​2"></​a>Transparent·​source/​binary·​deployment</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Nix·​expressions·​generally·​describe·​how·​to·​build·​a·​package·​from89 each·​other·​in·​the·​Nix·​store.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732262982​4"></​a>Transparent·​source/​binary·​deployment</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Nix·​expressions·​generally·​describe·​how·​to·​build·​a·​package·​from
90 source,​·​so·​an·​installation·​action·​like90 source,​·​so·​an·​installation·​action·​like
  
91 </​p><pre·​class="screen">91 </​p><pre·​class="screen">
92 $·​nix-​env·​-​-​install·​firefox92 $·​nix-​env·​-​-​install·​firefox
93 </​pre><p>93 </​pre><p>
  
94 <span·​class="emphasis"><em>​could</​em></​span>·​cause·​quite·​a·​bit·​of·​build·​activity,​·​as·​not94 <span·​class="emphasis"><em>​could</​em></​span>·​cause·​quite·​a·​bit·​of·​build·​activity,​·​as·​not
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104 skip·​building·​from·​source·​and·​instead·​use·​a·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​binary104 skip·​building·​from·​source·​and·​instead·​use·​a·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​binary
105 cache</​em></​span>,​·​a·​web·​server·​that·​provides·​pre-​built·​binaries.​·​For105 cache</​em></​span>,​·​a·​web·​server·​that·​provides·​pre-​built·​binaries.​·​For
106 instance,​·​when·​asked·​to·​build106 instance,​·​when·​asked·​to·​build
107 <code·​class="literal">/​nix/​store/​b6gvzjyb2pg0…-​firefox-​33.​1</​code>·​from·​source,​107 <code·​class="literal">/​nix/​store/​b6gvzjyb2pg0…-​firefox-​33.​1</​code>·​from·​source,​
108 Nix·​would·​first·​check·​if·​the·​file108 Nix·​would·​first·​check·​if·​the·​file
109 <code·​class="uri">https:​/​/​cache.​nixos.​org/​b6gvzjyb2pg0….​narinfo</​code>·​exists,​·​and109 <code·​class="uri">https:​/​/​cache.​nixos.​org/​b6gvzjyb2pg0….​narinfo</​code>·​exists,​·​and
110 if·​so,​·​fetch·​the·​pre-​built·​binary·​referenced·​from·​there;​·​otherwise,​·​it110 if·​so,​·​fetch·​the·​pre-​built·​binary·​referenced·​from·​there;​·​otherwise,​·​it
111 would·​fall·​back·​to·​building·​from·​source.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732262294​4"></​a>Nix·​Packages·​collection</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>We·​provide·​a·​large·​set·​of·​Nix·​expressions·​containing·​hundreds·​of111 would·​fall·​back·​to·​building·​from·​source.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732262481​6"></​a>Nix·​Packages·​collection</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>We·​provide·​a·​large·​set·​of·​Nix·​expressions·​containing·​hundreds·​of
112 existing·​Unix·​packages,​·​the·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​Nix·​Packages112 existing·​Unix·​packages,​·​the·​<span·​class="emphasis"><em>​Nix·​Packages
113 collection</​em></​span>·​(Nixpkgs)​.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732262132​8"></​a>Managing·​build·​environments</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Nix·​is·​extremely·​useful·​for·​developers·​as·​it·​makes·​it·​easy·​to113 collection</​em></​span>·​(Nixpkgs)​.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732262320​0"></​a>Managing·​build·​environments</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Nix·​is·​extremely·​useful·​for·​developers·​as·​it·​makes·​it·​easy·​to
114 automatically·​set·​up·​the·​build·​environment·​for·​a·​package.​·​Given·​a114 automatically·​set·​up·​the·​build·​environment·​for·​a·​package.​·​Given·​a
115 Nix·​expression·​that·​describes·​the·​dependencies·​of·​your·​package,​·​the115 Nix·​expression·​that·​describes·​the·​dependencies·​of·​your·​package,​·​the
116 command·​<span·​class="command"><stro​ng>nix-​shell</​strong></​span>·​will·​build·​or·​download·​those116 command·​<span·​class="command"><stro​ng>nix-​shell</​strong></​span>·​will·​build·​or·​download·​those
117 dependencies·​if·​they’re·​not·​already·​in·​your·​Nix·​store,​·​and·​then·​start117 dependencies·​if·​they’re·​not·​already·​in·​your·​Nix·​store,​·​and·​then·​start
118 a·​Bash·​shell·​in·​which·​all·​necessary·​environment·​variables·​(such·​as118 a·​Bash·​shell·​in·​which·​all·​necessary·​environment·​variables·​(such·​as
119 compiler·​search·​paths)​·​are·​set.​</​p><p>For·​example,​·​the·​following·​command·​gets·​all·​dependencies·​of·​the119 compiler·​search·​paths)​·​are·​set.​</​p><p>For·​example,​·​the·​following·​command·​gets·​all·​dependencies·​of·​the
120 Pan·​newsreader,​·​as·​described·​by·​<a·​class="link"·​href="https:​/​/​github.​com/​NixOS/​nixpkgs/​blob/​master/​pkgs/​applications/​networking/​newsreaders/​pan/​default.​nix"·​target="_top">its120 Pan·​newsreader,​·​as·​described·​by·​<a·​class="link"·​href="https:​/​/​github.​com/​NixOS/​nixpkgs/​blob/​master/​pkgs/​applications/​networking/​newsreaders/​pan/​default.​nix"·​target="_top">its
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123 </​pre><p>You’re·​then·​dropped·​into·​a·​shell·​where·​you·​can·​edit,​·​build·​and·​test123 </​pre><p>You’re·​then·​dropped·​into·​a·​shell·​where·​you·​can·​edit,​·​build·​and·​test
124 the·​package:​</​p><pre·​class="screen">124 the·​package:​</​p><pre·​class="screen">
125 [nix-​shell]$·​tar·​xf·​$src125 [nix-​shell]$·​tar·​xf·​$src
126 [nix-​shell]$·​cd·​pan-​*126 [nix-​shell]$·​cd·​pan-​*
127 [nix-​shell]$·​.​/​configure127 [nix-​shell]$·​.​/​configure
128 [nix-​shell]$·​make128 [nix-​shell]$·​make
129 [nix-​shell]$·​.​/​pan/​gui/​pan129 [nix-​shell]$·​.​/​pan/​gui/​pan
130 </​pre></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732261579​2"></​a>Portability</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Nix·​runs·​on·​Linux·​and·​macOS.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732261473​6"></​a>NixOS</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>NixOS·​is·​a·​Linux·​distribution·​based·​on·​Nix.​··​It·​uses·​Nix·​not130 </​pre></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732261766​4"></​a>Portability</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>Nix·​runs·​on·​Linux·​and·​macOS.​</​p></​div><div·​class="simplesect"><d​iv·​class="titlepage"><di​v><div><h2·​class="title"·​style="clear:​·​both"><a·​id="idm14073732261660​8"></​a>NixOS</​h2></​div></​div></​div><p>NixOS·​is·​a·​Linux·​distribution·​based·​on·​Nix.​··​It·​uses·​Nix·​not
131 just·​for·​package·​management·​but·​also·​to·​manage·​the·​system131 just·​for·​package·​management·​but·​also·​to·​manage·​the·​system
132 configuration·​(e.​g.​,​·​to·​build·​configuration·​files·​in132 configuration·​(e.​g.​,​·​to·​build·​configuration·​files·​in
133 <code·​class="filename">/​etc</​code>)​.​··​This·​means,​·​among·​other·​things,​·​that·​it133 <code·​class="filename">/​etc</​code>)​.​··​This·​means,​·​among·​other·​things,​·​that·​it
134 is·​easy·​to·​roll·​back·​the·​entire·​configuration·​of·​the·​system·​to·​an134 is·​easy·​to·​roll·​back·​the·​entire·​configuration·​of·​the·​system·​to·​an
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